Counter-Information

Chile: Interview with Espacio Fénix EN/ES

Posted on 2024/04/26 - 2024/04/26 by darknights

ES: (Chile) Entrevista a Espacio Fénix

Opening the tensions of dialogue, we present the following section of interviews with individuals, collectivities and related spaces that make up the anarchic body in different parts of the world.

The interviews are a valuable contribution to the observation in detail and depth; they come, in a certain way, to broaden the view to give us feedback among comrades and to debate with perspectives and projections, that although they may be different, they converge in the ideas and practices of freedom against all authority.

Without further ado, we have in this first venture of dialogues the comrades of Espacio Fénix.

1-How and when did Espacio Fénix arise, and what projects converge in the space?

Espacio Fénix was born in the middle of the pandemic, at the beginning of 2021, in the midst of a series of ridiculous mobility restrictions and increased police intervention under the excuse of controlling and preventing the spread of covid-19.

Thus, a group of compañerxs got together, seeking to open a crack, a fissure within the asphyxiating panorama that was regulating everything, imposing the rhythm of power and where many seemed to be accommodating or waiting for the authority to give us “permission” to resume our lives.

We embarked on the idea of opening a physical space where comrades could converge, where anarchic material could circulate and where new comradeships could be woven and articulated. Thus in May 2021 we opened the doors of the space, we began to set up its infrastructure and in July we held our first activity in memory of compañero Santiago Maldonado.

Claustrofobia Ediciones, the Biblioteca Antiautoritaria Sacco y Vanzetti and various anarchic individualities converge in the space.

2-The “Ciclos de Cine” (Film Cycles) is the tool you have used the most to carry out activities. What is the significance for you of the screening of films, documentaries, etc.?

We started with the film cycles in October 2021 and we have not stopped every Tuesday, month after month, grouping the films by specific themes, seeking to stress our ideas and nourish our arguments with content, it is the beauty of the feedback between colleagues with diverse experiences and views.

From the very beginning, we proposed the screening of films as an excuse to sit down and converse, because after each screening, the central part of the activity comes to life, which is the discussion about what has been screened. There the words run, without leaders, where everyone can expose their dislikes, their liking or the results and analysis that is made of what we have seen. With this gesture we also seek to break the logic of passive spectators, of consumers, very typical of socially imposed roles.

In this sense, we have screened diverse audiovisual material, industry films, documentaries made by compañerxs, films that we like or dislike, always aiming at the discussion and tension between compas.

We do not seek to fill the cultural gaps of authority, nor to be the free panorama for those who lack resources; we seek, by different means and tools to spread our anarchic and anti-authoritarian ideas/actions, therefore the film cycles are just one more tool we choose.

3-Regarding the written material, what is the importance and power that you perceive in it?

The written material certainly has another power, another depth and transcendence, of course the spoken thought is important, but writing allows the ordering of ideas, so as to be able to reflect more carefully on what is going to be exposed and to assimilate/discuss more deeply on what is read.

In a present where immediacy, image culture, the digestible and pyrotechnical, where almost the medium is the message, emptying of content many of our tools, writing/reading is a weapon, which can also serve as a refuge, where to continue polishing and sharpening our ideas.

The written material is an instrument that impels us to grow, to argue and continually revise our positions, widening our views, shining light where there was darkness.

On the other hand, it is necessary to say that written material has always accompanied anarchists, as propaganda for the dissemination of ideas, it is an effective tool to enter into dialogue with more comrades wherever they are: in the street, in prison, or other territories. It is important because it nurtures individual thinking, as well as possible collective discussions.

The written material as propaganda can bring together comrades and depending on the objectives and projections that we have, we can realize initiatives of various kinds. In the same way that we can find ourselves on the path of anarchic struggle, we can also distance ourselves from people who spread anarchist propaganda of other tendencies, for us those who are called to participate in the electoral circus, appeal to platform organization, dream of unity and large federations and those who reject legitimate political insurrectional violence – to give just a few examples – puts us in another place on the sidewalk and in several cases as enemies.

4-There are political-cultural spaces that coexist peacefully with power, while others attract police attention. Why do you think this happens? Are there more dangerous ideas-practices? If so, what would these be?

We don’t think this was the intention of the question, but it is worth clarifying to avoid pejorative atmospheres. For us, anti-power spaces/ideas/practices (truly anti-authoritarian and anarchic, leaving out and fighting the bullshit of “popular power”) by definition do not coexist peacefully neither with power, nor with authority, nor with the police and their investigators of all kinds.

Police eyes and ears are always there, to believe otherwise is naive and dangerous. They let themselves be seen or directly attack depending on conjunctures or panoramas that mark a change of rhythm.

In this sense, it is not the police harassment that defines our comrades’ ties -it is defined by our ideas, values and projections- because valuable initiatives that are undoubtedly a contribution to the anarchic tide, may not receive the police onslaught in an evident and grotesque way and not for that reason be considered “legal”, “innocent” or in any way aspire to coexist peacefully with the power. For example, at present there are activities that do not receive police interference, but that 3 or 4 years ago were seen as a danger and received harassment; we are talking about common pots or self-defense activities. It does not change the activity or the background, but it changes the perception of power or the effect it seeks to achieve as a chain reaction (fear, disarticulation, etc.).

Now, it is important to emphasize that these types of practices carried out by those in power are part of their work, and must be understood as such. They have always existed and will continue to exist, we do not say this in an alarmist way, much less to call for immobility or to “disappear” from certain spaces. Simply because it must be clear, those who consciously decide to undertake a confrontational path to power and propagate it in multiple ways, may encounter those enemy dynamics, therefore, the consequences must be assumed. Continue reading “Chile: Interview with Espacio Fénix EN/ES” →

‘THE SUBVERSIVE WRITTEN WORD’ by anarchist prisoner Toby Shone

Posted on 2024/04/25 - 2024/04/25 by darknights

A contribution by anarchist comrade Toby Shone from Garth prison (UK), for the debate “Thought and Action (“Pensiero e Azione”) – Repressive Attacks on the Anarchist Written Word” organized for the Tattoo Circus in El Paso Occupato, Turin (Italy), March 9-10th, 2024.

THE SUBVERSIVE WRITTEN WORD

Dear comrades,

This is Toby Shone, an anarchist imprisoned in the operation Adream which was an antiterrorist investigation against the counter-information project 325. I am calling from a prison in northwest England, it’s a long term, high security prison, and the fact that we can steal these moments is very important.
As you may already know, Operation A-dream was a repressive attack by the UK state in which 3 collective housing projects, a family home and storage unit were raided by cops. I was accused of being an administrator of 325.nostate, which earned me 4 terrorist charges: section 2 (distribution of terrorist publications), section 15 (funding terrorism) and two counts of section 58 (possession of information which is likely to be useful for terrorist purposes). I was also accused of several direct actions and membership of FAI, ELF and ALF. Hundreds of police were involved in the simultaneous raids and despite this, only one of the comrades were briefly detained and subsequently released for lack of evidence. It’s clear through the conditions of imprisonment I am held under and the constant monitoring that an active investigation continues with tailings and surveillance of comrades on the outside along with observation of anarchist social spaces.

Why is this taking place? It’s because anarchism is a threat to the existing technocratic order, our direct-action groups have a palpable reality in however minimal way in comparison to the task to be done, and the counter-information constellation continues to shine in the dark nights and become easier to use and navigate. Anarchist publishing is viewed as being an unacceptable endeavour by the police and intelligence services. Reporting on anarchist direct action, social struggles, and uprisings because it forms a narrative of subversion is arguably targeted with as much repression as that towards those who carry out the deeds that are being reported. It’s a strategy which has been in existence for a very long time. In the case of Operation Adream, the police was scared of the explicit anarchist insurrectionalist and anti-civilization rhetoric combined with the distribution of electronic and paper publications. During the interrogations a particular concern of the detectives was the purpose of anarchist paper publication. All the electronic documents have a digital forensic signature known as the hash value which can be tracked across the internet and devices even if deleted from those devices. Paper publications on the other hand, cannot be tracked as they are distributed – an investigation into them requires material forensics and a traditional police enquiry: this needs more resources, money, and personnel and especially the underground publishing initiatives which may have an irregular schedule of publishing and “informal” methods of distribution.

This brings us back to the purpose of anarchist publications: paper copies exist and have the power through being passed hand to hand to have an impactful material reality. They also accumulate forensic traces, the books, magazines, and pamphlets we are talking of, dangerous ideas, which can inspire our lives. Their time duration is different from those digital, and we can view that accordingly. With our publications, even if they are doomed to be in university libraries, mainstream bookshops, or worse, museums and art galleries, they always remain controversial and even illegal in some cases. Their purpose is social war and the destruction of the State. In the investigation files of Operation Adream, dozens of anarchist publications were cited many of which we may take for granted, that are freely available at anarchist bookfairs, squats, social centres and stalls at events. Yet to the police, special unit, and prosecutors these publications form part of an amorphous conspiracy aimed at overthrowing the establishment, which is correct, but not exactly in the perverse way that they wish to interpret it. To explain, we are often confronted by the repressive model that has a special function ascribed to theorists and writers, that of “leadership”. They are accused of giving orders and instructions and then cells or cadres then carry out those orders. I don’t need to tell you that this is an offense to anarchist practice, but it was a clear line of questioning put to me by the counter terrorist division. Does possession of 325 magazine indicate membership of an organization? Does that organization execute actions? And is that organisation part of a larger terrorist infrastructure? These are the types of questions bounced at me. With this scheming, marionettes of repression are formed, arranged in hierarchical structures which reflect their feverish minds. So, in those interrogations the investigators focused in some parts on questioning me about administrative functions, decision making flows, statistics figures, target demographics, research and linguistics, or translations. To the latter the cops wanted to know who was responsible for the translations, how they were organized, and who decided what should be translated.

At what level does the level of repression equate to that of our actions? For me, the answer is straight forward. The level of repression is currently far beyond that of the anarchist direct action. It’s the nature of State’s repression to aim to be overwhelming and our struggle is still only an active minority. In the UK the silence and lack of action highlights the social living death. But it was not always this way. And the future remains unwritten. That’s why police infiltration will continue to try to prevent for ruptures and individual attacks. It’s impossible to separate Operation Adream from the consequences of over a decade of anarchist direct action and social riots in Bristol. Although those things are at low ebb currently, it doesn’t mean that it will remain so. Anarchism remains part of the fabric of this South-West region. And where the reports, communiques and analysis are published will remain high in the list of targets for the State. The hundreds if not thousands of publishers across the world, part of a connectivity of contemporary anarchism, add to our ability to stay relevant and expansive.

Huge changes are taking place in society, and mass discontent has the possibility to form into a needed vital resistance. The new anarchist critique of high technology is cited by various intelligence agencies, State and private, as having the threatening ability to infect the population with a deep anger of the digital future. This future being planned by the bosses is a vast surveillance state which is part of the cybernetic matrix, where machines are taking the place of humans, and the artificial intelligence has inserted itself into every place it can be situated. Likewise, we can see human beings are becoming more machine-like, and their environment is degraded and polluted. Increasingly we can talk about the fact that many complete failures are taking place in various social systems, due to the ecological collapse and economic and post-industrial transformation. Huge territories are rapidly changing from floods, wildfires, draughts and intense storms. Unprecedented challenges are coming very quickly with harsh effects on critical points pertaining to agriculture, migration, division of labour, geopolitical conflicts and so on. Our publications and counter-information networks are a direct way in which we can communicate our analysis and methods of organization. Repression recognizes the danger of the contagion of this message, and the narrative which we possess. To the extent that they illegalize our publications and try to impose exemplary sentences is only a means to and end for them. And this is what we have always faced. If we are effective, we meet repression, prison, death. That’s what many comrades face across the world right now. Essentially some of us have been living under surveillance and investigation for so long, everything we do could be considered as crime, simply existing. That’s worth writing about and when we read and know more about what others are confronting and how, we can gain our power.

Lastly, I want to talk about the censorship I am facing here. Since it’s been a consistent feature of my imprisonment and is also part of the topic we’re discussing. Many comrades face problems with their correspondence and receiving publications. This is not unusual. But it’s worth saying here that I’ve been denied access to the majority of my correspondence and books which I am being sent. Even though I am facing denials by the prison administration that this is taking place, it most certainly is. This is the strength of our newsletters, our books, our letters to catch with comrades, that they make the enemy afraid. In my case, I’m also being denied socialist, autonomous-marxist and communist papers and books, which have been sent to me by those in solidarity from the radical left, as well as books on black history, transformative justice, and prison abolition. The very few anarchist books I have managed to receive I hold them close to my heart, here in my cell. Freedom is written with ink and our blood, like it always has been and will be. Value your books, your newspapers, your letters sent and received, combative memory persists, and we pass it to each new generation without efforts alone.
I’ll finish here and so I thank you for your energy and your attention, and a strong hug to all, and especially those under repression for the written word. For from the words come deeds, and that is the topic we’ve encountered today. Love and rage, thank you.

Toby,
Garth Prison, 4th of March 2024

Chile: We close the door. Publicación Refractario comes to an end.

Posted on 2024/02/27 by darknights

After more than a decade, the publication Refractario comes to an end, and with it we close the door to this project.

We have delayed these final words and the necessary closure of this project, thinking about resuming it or giving it new formats, but it is imperative to leave some words next to the door before closing. A project built with so much effort and affection deserves a decent closure.

In July 2012 we started this counter-informative project. We generated a materiality in paper that lasted eight issues (from 2012 to 2014), and we also published 5 special issues. Undoubtedly, the heart of our project was the website. In it converged various dimensions of the anti-prison field: news, contingencies, calls, propaganda, reflections, material of interest, memory and practical information.

Throughout 11 years, the project operated, far exceeding the initial objectives. We maintained the rhythm of publication, the space for reflection and positioning at different junctures, while on the other hand the feedback from comrades who translated texts, sent communiqués and fed informal discussions within the anarchist movement made Refractario a useful, current and active tool.

Throughout this period we rejoiced with the release of several comrades from prison, accompanied the trial of many and maintained strong solidarity agitation with several who are still behind bars. Several campaigns managed to internationalize thanks to projects like this one, which allowed us to inform, disseminate and position the urgency in other latitudes. The intention was always to become a space to find accurate information, as well as to open the discussion on so many issues that in these years have strained the anti-authoritarian environments linked to prison, trials and repression.

At the end of January 2006, the counter-information web page “Palabras de Guerra” (Words of War) said goodbye to the virtual world at that time. We highlight some of the reasons that led to its closure, as expressed in its farewell communiqué:

– Excessive volume of information, in most cases superfluous, a reflection of the Western society of excess.

– Accelerated publication rhythms, confronted with natural rhythms.

– An immediatism that generates the need to be constantly informed.

– The emergence of a revolutionary subject whose militancy is based primarily on the Internet.

(The full text is still available here) Continue reading “Chile: We close the door. Publicación Refractario comes to an end.” →

Italy: The state would like to silence revolutionary anarchist propaganda… we will neither be silenced nor stopped. Poster in solidarity with those investigated in the Scripta Scelera operation IT/EN

Posted on 2023/09/21 by darknights

The state would like to silence revolutionary anarchist propaganda… we will neither be silenced nor stopped. Poster in solidarity with those investigated in the Scripta Scelera operation (Italy)

The state would like to silence revolutionary anarchist propaganda…

Four house arrests with restrictions on visits, communication and the electronic bracelet, five obligations to stay in the municipality of residence combined with the obligation to return home at night from 7 pm to 7 am (including one subsequently aggravated to house arrest), in front of a request of ten arrests in prison; house searches and against the Circolo Culturale Anarchico “Gogliardo Fiaschi” and a commercial typography in Carrara (initially placed under seizure and released after a few days); huge seizures of papers and anarchist and revolutionary publications… This was the outcome of the repressive operation Scripta Scelera of August 8^th against the internationalist anarchist fortnightly “Bezmotivny”. A “surgical raid” against a paper that for three years has published analyses and reflections aimed at the critical in-depth analysis of social reality, as well as claims and informative texts concerning actions of attack against structures and figures of the state and capital, responsible for all forms of exploitation and social oppression.

After the media hullabaloo and pompous declarations, if you allow, we also have something to say

We are not surprised by operations like this. Ever since anarchism emerged – not from the scholarly abstractions of some philosopher, but from revolutionary experiences, from the aspirations of the oppressed – anarchists’ papers have been hit. States have a long history of massacres, torture, assassinations, thousands of years of imprisonment against revolutionaries. We have the impetus of the dream and the risk of action, the determination of the will and the strength of necessity. And we continue on the path we have taken… Let inquisitors and illustrious magistrates get over it, beyond and against all censorship and repression, we will continue to rejoice every time this authoritarian social reality is attacked, its certainties shattered and troubled by the roar of revolt.

Faced with an increasingly bleak present – the abyss of global war, misery, generalised ecological disaster, techno-sciences, increasingly repressive political-economic manoeuvres at work, at the borders, against youth – the state needs to run for cover, trying to eradicate the “domestic enemy”: the exploited who do not lower their heads, those who do not resign themselves to this state of things, those who continue to cultivate the revolutionary transformation of the present through thought and action.

Let us not be discouraged! With the consciousness of revolutionary and internationalist solidarity with proletarians and the exploited throughout the world, we will continue to dream, seeking to lay the foundations and contribute to the destruction of the state, of capital, of all authority.

…we will neither be silenced nor stopped

Let us persist in upholding the justness of revolutionary action, against every state and every war of the masters!

PDF: (in english, for printing in A3 and A4 formats) The state would like to silence revolutionary anarchist propaganda… we will neither be silenced nor stopped. Poster in solidarity with those investigated in the Scripta Scelera operation (Italy)

Continue reading “Italy: The state would like to silence revolutionary anarchist propaganda… we will neither be silenced nor stopped. Poster in solidarity with those investigated in the Scripta Scelera operation IT/EN” →

Arsonis – New blog from Indonesia

Posted on 2023/09/14 by darknights

ARSONIS – Jaringan Kontra-Informasi Internasional

Chile: In the face of the removal of the Noticias de la guerra social website

Posted on 2023/04/15 by darknights

In 2014, we started this counter-information project dedicated to disseminating and documenting the various attacks on the domain, some of them claimed and others anonymous, maintaining a simple format that kept alive only in and with the very pulse of the conflict.

Without worrying too much, we decided to use the most popular service at the time, “wordpress,” since the websites hosted in other “alternative” servers (noblogs, espiv, altervista, lahaine, entodaspartes, etc.) were not considered to be “alternative”. [altervista does not qualify as an “alternative” server, since it is part of the Mondadori group, ed.]) were often removed, either due to repressive attacks or simply due to the termination of their respective projects.

In October-November 2022 https://noticiasdelaguerrasocial.wordpress.com/ was removed from the web, losing that valuable archive and tool for communication and information among antagonists. Far from appealing to “freedom of expression” or complaining about the servers’ own “privacy policies,” we merely noted the fragility of Internet-based projects. Fragility that we knew a priori, but we decided to bet on informal communication and the diffusion of living and latent conflict.

Questions remain in the air: what are the characteristics of our media? How solid are they? What is their degree of autonomy? Do we have our own infrastructure of communication and counter-information? How dependent or susceptible are we? We need to draw some collective lessons from the Italian state’s repressive attack on communication tools such as Radioazione, Culmine or “Vetriolo.” Continue reading “Chile: In the face of the removal of the Noticias de la guerra social website” →

Germany: Aufstand! For Anarchy

Posted on 2022/10/17 by darknights

aufstand.blackblogs.org

The Revolution will not be televised

So what should tempt us to think that the Internet in particular would be a place where today’s revolutionary awakenings would take place? And certainly we are not so short-sighted as to seriously consider this to be the case. Nevertheless, we observe with a certain uneasiness that both the real and the virtual spaces of exchange among anarchists of the German-speaking contexts are fading away. Even though individual projects still receive some attention and almost every tendency of informally organized anarchism has created its own web presence – even though there are still one or two printed and regularly published newspaper projects and dozens and dozens of brochures, books, flyers, newspapers, posters and stickers which are connected to the anarchist idea and wander from hand to hand among comrades – we ask ourselves, to what extent these succeed in carrying the anarchist debate into the public more than sporadically, in the (desperate) attempt to inflame at least a few hearts with the spark of the anarchist idea.

Repeatedly in the past it has been proven that if there is no better alternative, platforms like de.indymedia also have to be used for anarchist exchange. The problem is that anarchist contributions are often deleted there or – perhaps even worse – stand beside deeply authoritarian submissions that absolutely contradict the anarchist idea. No wonder: de.indymedia has always been a platform of the left and will consequently remain so. The fact that more and more decentralized (radical left) alternatives to de.indymedia are currently developing is, in our view, just as incapable of remedying the problem as other strangely conceptualized attempts to create synthesist platforms or even websites of unified organizations selling themselves as contributions to an anarchist debate.

So we want to try with this website, beyond any attempt to pursue synthesist thoughts, to open an informal forum of anarchist discussion, which includes the numerous existing web presences of anarchist projects as well as texts that have not been published on other websites before. It is part of an attempt to engage differing positions in a mutually beneficial debate, not to indifferently juxtapose the contradictory, and we are not afraid to end this attempt should it ever become that.

We choose the form of a web presence reluctantly, in the absence of a realistic perspective to launch a similar project in print or in the form of real encounters, at least in a way that would be accessible from the outside. However, we support all such projects and will likewise discontinue ours at any time should a more appetizing alternative appear on the horizon.

In this sense: Feel free to participate as you see fit and let’s raise the German-speaking anarchist debate to a new level.

Chile: Dissemination of new web page “Informativo Anarquista”. ES/EN

Posted on 2022/09/25 - 2022/09/28 by darknights

El poder contar con medios propios en plataformas no lucrativas es importante para la circulación de información que la prensa hegemónica omite o tergiversa desde su apreciación interesada.

informativoanarquista.noblogs.org es una página web creada a mediados de julio del presente año y que ya cuenta con más de 60 publicaciones con el propósito de aportar a la difusión constante de expresiones y noticias con referencias fotográficas y de prensa sobre las luchas estudiantiles antagónicas, anticapitalistas, subversivas y anarquistas.

Lxs invitamos a colaborar con aportes; publicaciones, cartas, actividades, reivindicaciones, etc., al correo informativoanarquista@riseup.net y así darle larga vida a esta iniciativa.

Being able to count on one’s own media in non-profit platforms is important for the circulation of information that the hegemonic press omits or misrepresents from its self-interested appreciation.

informativoanarquista.noblogs.org is a website created in mid-July of this year and already has more than 60 publications with the purpose of contributing to the constant dissemination of expressions and news with photographic and press references on student antagonistic, anti-capitalist, subversive and anarchist struggles.

We invite you to collaborate with contributions; publications, letters, activities, claims, etc., to the following e-mail address informativoanarquista@riseup.net and thus give long life to this initiative.

La Nemesi: a new website in support of practices of attack and international revolutionary solidarity EN/IT

Posted on 2022/09/25 - 2022/09/25 by darknights

La Nemesi: a new website in support of practices of attack and international revolutionary solidarity

La Nemesi is a website run by anarchists and dedicated to publishing texts about the conflict against the state, capital and all authority. With the opening of this website we intend to go beyond the characteristics of so-called counter-information, giving more space to texts and contributions that more often than not, in the counter-information spaces that populate the virtual world, end up being buried in the vagueness generated by the telematic tool.

La Nemesi was thus created with the aim of publishing and spreading claim or informative texts concerning actions and sabotage, as well as articles, reports and correspondences from uprisings and insurrections all over the world. It is a kind of ‘bulletin’ of the anarchist revolutionary struggle and more generally of the social war waged by the oppressed.

Equally space will be dedicated to the publication of statements and documents written by anarchists imprisoned in state prisons, as well as updates on the prison situation of comrades, mobilisations and initiatives in solidarity, past, present and future anti-anarchist repressive operations, and in general the repression against the movement.

In addition to this, editorial news (recently published papers, magazines, sheets, bulletins, books, pamphlets, etc.) and occasional articles or extracts of texts from more or less recent publications will be included. Unlike the other articles, these latter insertions will be dictated by the good and bad taste of those who manage the website. Continue reading “La Nemesi: a new website in support of practices of attack and international revolutionary solidarity EN/IT” →

Italy: Cassation Scripta Manent: some considerations and clarifications

Posted on 2022/08/11 by darknights

Cassation Scripta Manent: some considerations and clarifications

This writing stems from the need to explain to comrades what will happen after the Cassation ruling for the Scripta Manent trial issued on July 6.

Starting with the most serious convictions, the court requalified the explosive attack against the Carabinieri’s student school in Fossano(Cuneo) on June 2, 2006 and claimed by Rivolta Anonima e Tremenda / Federazione Anarchica Informale as a “political massacre” (art. 285 c. p.), referring the case back to the Turin Court of Appeals for a peggiorative recalculation of the sentence with the risk of life imprisonment for comrades Alfredo Cospito and Anna Beniamino.

In addition, all other convictions handed down in the Court of Appeals were upheld with sentences ranging from 2 years and 6 months to 1 year and 6 months for 11 comrades and acquittals for the rest of the defendants.

The convictions and acquittals as of now are final.

Continue reading “Italy: Cassation Scripta Manent: some considerations and clarifications” →